Eficacy of Reflexology in Treatment of Constipation: Clinical Evidence

 



In 2020, 9 databases were investigated in search of randomized clinical trials in the use of Reflexology to combat constipation. The Cochrane Institute Risk of Bias* assessment tools were applied to more than 650 articles.




The results obtained confirm that Reflexology is an effective natural and complementary therapy in the treatment of functional constipation, in people of all ages, children and the elderly.


* The ‘Risk of Bias’ is a tool developed by the “Cochrane Collaboration” to evaluate the methodology of scientific evidence, being useful in systematic reviews for the individual analysis of the included RCTs. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) present the highest level of experimental research according to the levels of evidence.

Reflexology on Constipation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Zahra Anjoman Azari 2020 Shiraz e-medical Journal. Shiraz University of Medical Sciences https://sites.kowsarpub.com/semj/articles/100585.html 

Foot reflexology in the management of functional constipation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Huang Yaqi. NIH. PubMed. Gov 2020 Aug https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32891277/ 

Effect of Reflexology on the Constipation Status of Elderly People Bahar Inkaya Yonago Acta Med. 2020 May https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7231874/ 

Reflexology in the management of encopresis and chronic constipation Eileen Bishop Nursing Children and Young People RCNi Plus 2003 https://journals.rcni.com/doi/abs/10.7748/paed2003.04.15.3.20.c843

Significant Improvement in Restless Leg Syndrome and Akinetic Rigidity Syndrome with Reflexology: Scientific Evidence

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) also known as Willis-Ekbom disease is a problem of the nervous system
that causes an irrepressible urge to move the legs, particularly during rest: people suffering from this syndrome feels uncomfortable unless they get up and walk. The movement stops the unpleasant sensation for a while. No one knows exactly what causes RLS. It may be due to a problem with the way dopamine is used by brain cells.


Dopamine is a brain chemical that helps with muscle movement.

Rigid-akinetic syndrome is clinically characterized by muscle rigidity, slowness in the execution of movements (bradykinesia), decreased range of motion (hypokinesia), and impaired balance. It is the consequence of a dopaminergic imbalance that can occur at two levels: presynaptic or postsynaptic.

The scientific studies cited below complement and confirm the benefits and relief described by people affected by one of these syndromes when receiving reflexology treatments as a complementary therapy to their medical protocol.

European Parkinson’s Disease Association (EPDA) Reflexology as a complementary therapy in PD https://www.epda.eu.com/living-well/therapies/complementary-therapies/reflexology/ 

Parkinson´s Disease medical Rehabilitation Methods https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Elcin-Huseyn-2/publication/353383613_Parkinson's_Disease_Medical_Rehabilitation_Methods/links/6135c2c438818c2eaf85cf70/Parkinsons-Disease-Medical-Rehabilitation-Methods.pdf 

The effects of two methods of reflexology and stretching exercises on the severity of restless leg syndrome among hemodialysis patients https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4857654/ 

The Effect of Foot Reflexology Massage on the Sleep Quality of Elderly Women With Restless Leg Syndrome http://jccnc.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=152&slc_lang=en&sid=1&printcase=1&hbnr=1&hmb=1 

Severity of Restless Legs Syndrome in Female Patients Undergoing Dialysis: A Randomized Controlled Trial https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Effectiveness-of-Foot-Reflexology-in-the-of-in-Ghasemi-Rejeh/ee20dd17280fc6ce90e16d229c363b5630bbe205


Scientific Studies Show Efficacy of Reflexology in Infantile Colic

 

The application of a child reflexology protocol on the plantar reflexes of the nervous and digestive 

systems of infants with colic significantly reduces their daily crying and irritability, thus minimizing the anguish and distress of their parents or caregivers.

This is demonstrated by several recent scientific studies.

The reflexology protocol should be applied by a certified professional reflexologist.


Sources:

Is foot reflexology effective in reducing colic symptoms in infants: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Nimet Karatas. AysegulIsler Dalgic. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, Science Direct June 2021

Is foot reflexology effective in reducing colic symptoms in infants: A randomized placebo-controlled trial - ScienceDirect


A pilot study of parents' experiences of reflexology treatment for infants with colic in Finland. Leena Hannula. Pauli Puukka. Marjut Asunmaa. Markku Mäkijärvi. PubMed December 2020

A pilot study of parents' experiences of reflexology treatment for infants with colic in Finland - PubMed (nih.gov)



Reflexology Alleviates Rhino-Sinus Conditions and Symptons: A Self-Help Guide





Spring and Summer are seasons that usually come along with  high levels of pollen and other allergens, which can cause an increase in conditions of the upper airways (nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx), together with possible hypoxia (oxygen deficiency in the blood, cells and tissues of the body). 



What can help (see your doctor): 

  • Nasal use of saline solution, 
  • Inhalations of Ravintsara (Cinnamomum Camphora) essential oil, and 
  • Foot reflexology: "... Daily nasal irrigation and a daily reflexology massage were equally effective and improved symptoms of chronic sinusitis in more than 70% of the subjects. Medication use was reduced to approximately one third of the participants regardless of the intervention. " as shown by medical studies.

With no side effects, the application of foot reflexology on the reflexes of the upper respiratory tract usually alleviates the effects of rhino-sinusitis: Minutiously massage your feet daily, with careful attention to the  upper respiratory system reflexes, as indicated in the photo. (Every day for 15-20 minutes) 

Reflexology for Sinusitis, Rhinitis and upper respiratory disorders http://www.barcelonareflexologia.com/2017/04/reflexologia-para-sinusitis-rinitis-y.html 

Alleviation of sinonasal symptoms. Diane G.HeatleyMDKari E.McConnellRN, CORLNTony L. KilleBSGlen E.LeversonPhD 30 January 2003 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0194599801838195 

Hypoxia and Rhino-Sinusitis Hyung-Ju Cho1,2 and Chang-Hoon Kim1,2, * 28 February 2018 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5836558/ 

Use of alternative medicine in Israeli chronic rhinosinusitis patients Arkadi Yakirevitch, Lev Bedrin, Lela Migirov, Michael Wolf, Yoav P Talmi https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19755095/ 

Exploring the body through reflexology: Physical behaviors during application and Benefits

 




This study shows that the application of reflexology leads to a wide range of clear secondary manifestations (or “ Body Behaviours”, expressed through different physiological reactions grouped into 4 categories: 


  • Saccadic involuntary eye movements with eyelids closed, a response to non-visual stimuli  
  • Spontaneous body movements, 10 to 20 min into the session (hands, arms, legs, and fingers, and facial: eyebrows, chin and labial movements) 
  • Jaw movements 
  • Head movements 


The study links reflexology treatment to: 

  • Muscle tone variations that release tensions contained in the musculoskeletal system as a response to obtain postural equilibrium. 
  • Growing drowsiness and clear feature and physical indications of relaxation as the reflexology session progressed, with brief sudden muscle twitches, temperature decrease, disconnection of the environmental perception 
  • Benefits similar to NREM sleep (characterized by slow eye movement, slow brain waves, stillness): a short nap that benefits memory consolidation, the learning process and combatting problematic situations, concentration.
“The neuronal bases of these correlations seem to suggest that eye movements control our view of the world and could therefore be a doorway to our minds” say the authors. 

“Recent research on eye movements in sleep and wakefulness propose new and diverse theories on the connections that can be established between eye movements and memory processes, reading comprehension and learning as well as connections with the processing of emotional memories. “ 

Various extremely important physiological processes are closely related, or determined by sleep: the establishment or conservation of energy, elimination of free radicals accumulated during the day, the regulation or restoration of cortical electrical activity, thermal regulation, metabolic or endocrine regulation, synaptic homeostasis, immunological activation or memory consolidation, among others..

There is ample scientific literature that proves the benefits of reflexology on sleep quality (please see our previous posts). 

It is interesting to note that the application of sustained sedation during the reflexology treatment in the temporomandibular joint, the oculomotor center, celiac plexus and the highest point of the diaphragm might have some relationship with the results of the study: clinical experience shows that there are points with great therapeutic content. 

The authors also add: “Many of these responses do not happen simply by touch, suggesting that reflexology is more significant and deeper than a simple massage effect”.

Exploring the body through reflexology: Physical behaviors during application https://www.reflexology.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Exploring-the-body-through-reflexology.pdf

Eficacia de Reflexologia en insomnio y sueño http://www.barcelonareflexologia.com/2021/03/eficacia-de-reflexologia-en-problemas.html

Respuestas hormonales y neuronales de la Reflexología y beneficios sobre cognición social, dolor, estrés, ansiedad... http://www.barcelonareflexologia.com/2020/12/respuestas-hormonales-y-neuronales-de.html

Reflexology and Hypnosis Prove Equally Efficient in Treating Anxiety and Stress: The Mind-Body Connection

 



As a manual therapy, Reflexology is categorized as a body therapy. While Hypnosis is seen to first address the mind. 



However the effect of Reflexology on the mind, and the effect of Hypnosis on the body cannot be underestimated, or outright cancelled, in either treatment. 

Nor can the role, let alone the social role, of the therapist. 

Health needs balance. Inside balance: the perfect working together of the nervous system with its neural responses and the endocrine system with its chemical responses, and of all our functions... and outside balance: the integration of, and response to, a healthy environment, as being part of our physical and mental well-being. 

Although mainstream contemporary science and healthcare practices tend to study and treat the mind and the body as separate entities, increasing research and evidence-based practices support the notion of a tridirectional relationship between 3 essential health factors: Body, Mind, Environment. 

These studies suggest that we might benefit more from acknowledging these interactions and adopting a more holistic approach to our health and wellbeing. Again, they corroborate how both Reflexology and Hypnosis (Mind and Body treatments) are effective and efficient in treating Anxiety and Stress (Mind and Body) responses to our environment.

Reflexology Compared to Hypnosis in Daily Stress Management https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5593310/

Exploring the Mind-Body Connection https://positivepsychology.com/mind-body-connection/

Neurological evidence of a Mind-Body Connection https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2018.130401

Mind and Body Connection https://www.takingcharge.csh.umn.edu/what-is-the-mind-body-connection

Rigorous science upends the mond-body myth https://news.northeastern.edu/2017/05/16/rigorous-science-upends-the-mind-body-myth/


Reflexology for Sleep Disorders and Insomnia: Efficacy Scientifically Backed

Several of our past posts address the science-based efficacy of reflexology in  combatting stress, anxiety, pain ... factors that negatively affect the quality of sleep, and can even cause insomnia. 

It is interesting to note that  15-20 minutes inside a foot reflexology treatment on the reflexes of the central nervous system, the pituitary and the pineal glands (endocrine system), many people feel not only the soothing and relaxing effects of reflexology, but actually become sleepy, or fall asleep. 

Clinical studies in medical journals around the world - Spain, USA, Israel, Hong-Kong, Turkey... show how reflexology naturally induces N1 and N2 sleep stage  brain waves, thus confirming that weekly Reflexology treatments  improve sleep disorders, insomnia and fatigue,  including in people undergoing  heavy medical treatment. 

Read more:

Reflexology and polysomnography: Changes in cerebral wave activity induced by reflexology promote N1 and N2 sleep stages : https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1744388117300221 

Acupressure, reflexology, and auricular acupressure for insomnia: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1389945712002572 

Can foot reflexology be a complementary therapy for sleep disturbances? Evidence appraisal through a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jan.14699 

How reflexology can help with sleep https://sleepcouncil.org.uk/how-reflexology-can-help-with-sleep/#:~:text=Reflexology%20for%20sleep,-There%20is%20apparently&text=Usually%20in%20a%20person%20who,reflexology%20is%20calming%20and%20effective. 

Reflexology Therapy for Less Stress, More Relaxation, and Better Sleep https://thesleepdoctor.com/2020/06/02/reflexology-therapy-for-less-stress-more-relaxation-and-better-sleep/ 

Reflexology: its effects on physiological anxiety signs and sedation needs https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24304626/ 

The Effect of Foot Reflexology Massage on Sleep Quality in Women With Type 2 Diabetes; a Clinical Study https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330552223_The_Effect_of_Foot_Reflexology_Massage_on_Sleep_Quality_in_Women_With_Type_2_Diabetes_a_Clinical_Study 

The effects of reflexology on pain and sleep deprivation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized controlled trial https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29705475/